If I Already Had a Tdap Do I Need It Again for Nursing School
Two years into the coronavirus pandemic, Americans are broken-hearted, depressed and frustrated — but also hopeful that life-saving vaccines tin can help turn the tide confronting the deadly pandemic.
But equally the vaccines have rolled out, so accept the questions: Who should get it? What's safe to practise in one case y'all're vaccinated? What about breakthrough cases?
Here are the answers to your most oft asked questions about the vaccine, including its effectiveness, its risks, and what to await when it comes to side effects.
How can I become the COVID vaccine?
Vaccines are now widely available across the U.S. and eligibility has expanded to include all adults and children ages 5 and up.
More than 211 1000000 people in the U.South. have been fully vaccinated as of late January, the CDC reports.
Doses are available — at no cost — at thousands of vaccination sites and pharmacies across the state.
To find a location near you, visit the websitevaccines.gov, text your Cipher code to 438829, or calli-800-232-0233 (the CDC says the call center operates in 150+ languages).
Can children go the vaccine?
The CDC recommends anybody age v and upward get vaccinated.
The Pfizer vaccine received authorization in May foradolescents age 12 to xv after clinical trial results showed it is safe and effective in that age group. That immune many students to get vaccinated against COVID-19 before the start of the schoolhouse year.
Lower-dose shots of the Pfizer vaccine for children ages 5 to eleven became availablestarting November 3 after theFDA issued an emergency use authorization and the CDC managing directorrecommended it for kids 5 and upwardly.
TheModerna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines are currently authorized only for ages 18 and upward, merely they have begunincluding younger children in clinical trials.
What are the differences between the COVID vaccines?
In Dec 2020, the FDA authorized emergency utilise of the outset two coronavirus vaccines in the U.S., one made by Pfizer and BioNTech, and the other by Moderna. Both crave ii doses. A tertiary vaccine, from Johnson & Johnson'due south Janssen Biotech division, got FDA authorization in belatedly February 2021 and only requires i shot.
All three proved highly effective at preventing astringent affliction, hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19.
Pfizer'southward vaccine became the outset to be granted full FDA approval, followed past Moderna's. The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are both made using messenger RNA, or mRNA, technology.
Traditionally, vaccines have been fabricated from a weakened or inactivated germ that trains the immune organisation to fight off infection if it encounters the virus in the future. But mRNA vaccines do something different: They teach man trunk cells how to make a harmless piece of a protein — a "spike protein" — that'south also found on the surface of the coronavirus. Later that protein piece emerges on the surface of a jail cell, the human immune system recognizes information technology and begins making antibodies for it — which offer protection if the person is exposed to the actual virus in the future.
One difference between the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines is the wait time between the 2 required doses: Pfizer'southward are given 21 days apart, while the Moderna shots are given 28 days autonomously.
Johnson & Johnson took a unlike approach, developing what's called a viral vector vaccine — a blazon that has been used for years confronting other diseases. It uses an altered, harmless, non-replicating version of a common cold virus, called adenovirus type 26, to introduce genetic instructions for the "fasten poly peptide." The immune system responds by making antibodies which will protect the person if they're infected past SARS-CoV-two, the virus that causes COVID-19, in the future.
Johnson & Johnson's single-dose vaccine has the advantage of being stored in regular refrigerators, while the 2 others must be stored and transported at below-freezing temperatures.
What are the side effects of the COVID vaccines?
In general, side effects are not uncommon with vaccines, and the COVID-19 shot is no exception. Your body'south immune reaction could include the same kinds of side effects ofttimes seen with other vaccines, including a sore arm, fatigue, fever, chills or headaches.
"This is expected," Dr. Neeta Ogden, an internal medicine specialist and immunologist, said in an interview on CBSN.
"People should maybe think well-nigh vaccinating on weekends, for case," she said. "Y'all probably might demand to have a solar day off from work. … This is predictable and I don't think that information technology is alarming."
Not everyone experiences side furnishings, but doctors stress that their occurrence is normal and should not discourage people from getting the shots.
More astringent side effects are extremely rare. There have been a small number of cases of a type of centre inflammation called myocarditis, mostly in younger men, later receiving the Moderna or Pfizer vaccine. (Health experts note in that location's a greater risk of developing myocarditis after a COVID-xix infection than afterwards getting vaccinated.)
The Johnson & Johnson vaccine has been linked to rare cases of blood clots, including ix deaths, out of 16 1000000 people who received the shot in the U.S. That take chances led the CDC to recommend in December 2021 that people opt for the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines instead when possible.
Tin the side effects exist minimized?
The CDC offers some communication on ways to combat vaccine side effects: Later on vaccination, employ or lightly exercise the arm that got the shot. Take Tylenol or Motrin for whatsoever pain you may have, but only later on you've gotten the shot, not before. The CDC also recommends drinking plenty of liquids later you get either the first or second dose. If redness or tenderness increases at the vaccination site in the days following the shot, the CDC recommends that you call your doctor.
Do the COVID vaccines protect against new variants?
Wellness officials say the vaccines still offer protection against severe illness from the current variants.
Recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bear witness that adults who are unvaccinated are four times more likely to test positive for COVID and 15 times more probable to dice of it than those who are fully vaccinated. Compared to those who received a booster dose, the unvaccinated are xiii times more than likely to test positive and 68 times more than likely to dice.
But the Omicron variant, starting time identified around Thanksgiving 2021, appears to be able to cause more infections fifty-fifty in people who were vaccinated or had a previous case of COVID-19. Experts say getting a booster shot helps restore protection against astringent illness and hospitalization.
Omicron is one of five electric current "variants of business organization," identified by the Greek letters Blastoff, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron. Delta, which turned up in the U.Due south. in the spring of 2021, is more contagious than previous strains and quickly made up the overwhelming majority of U.S. cases — nigh 99%.
Data from scientists in South Africa, where Omicron was start identified, and in the U.M. show Omicron spreads even more than chop-chop.
Experts take also kept an eye on the Mu variant, which emerged in Republic of colombia in January 2021 and has mutations suggesting it may be able to bypass existing coronavirus antibodies.
"But there isn't a lot of clinical data to propose that. It is generally laboratory in vitro data," Dr. Fauci said. "...We don't consider it an immediate threat correct now."
Who shouldn't get a COVID vaccine?
The CDC says people allergic to the ingredient polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate, which is similar, should not get an mRNA COVID vaccine, and anyone who has an immediate allergic reaction to the first dose should not get the 2nd i.
A handful of people suffered adverse reactions, including anaphylaxis, after getting the vaccine, but all recovered.
People with a history of allergic reaction to a vaccine or injectable therapy for some other affliction should talk to their doctors, the CDC advises. It says people with food allergies practisenotneed to avoid the vaccine.
Should y'all go a COVID vaccine during pregnancy?
The CDC updated its guidance to "strongly recommend" thatpeople who are pregnant or planning to go pregnant should get vaccinated against COVID-19, citing a growing corporeality of information verifying the safety of the vaccines during pregnancy.
"I would say if you're pregnant, not only is it a proficient idea to become the vaccine on the basis of safety, but it's highly effective and of import considering you are at increased take chances of bad outcomes if yous become COVID," said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy.
Although pregnant people were not included in the initial clinical trials, tens of thousands of pregnant women have now gotten the shots safely.Boosted enquiry has institute no safety bug, no increased gamble of miscarriage and no affect on fertility.
Many doctors say the shots are especially of import because of the higher take chances of severe illness in women who contractCOVID-nineteen during pregnancy. The virus likewise raises risks to the unborn babe, including stillbirth.
"I recommend highly that all significant women be immunized, from initial discovery of the pregnancy right up to term," Dr. Bob Lahita, professor of medicine New York Medical College and chairman of medicine St. Joseph University Hospital, said on CBSN. He said there is "no evidence" that the vaccine "has whatsoever effect on the placenta, on the fetus, on the mother. Except if one gets the infection, the COVID, and yous are pregnant, you lot run the take chances of becoming very, very sick."
How long will COVID vaccine protection terminal?
Researchers and health experts say they don't nevertheless know for sure. On its official spider web FAQ, the CDC says, "Nosotros won't know how long amnesty lasts after vaccination until we have more data on how well COVID-19 vaccines work in real-world weather condition."
Moderna CEO Stephane Bancel offered a rough window: "We believe there will be protection potentially for a couple of years."
But amid the spread of the more transmissible Delta variant and evidence that vaccine efficacy is waning somewhat, U.S. wellness officials began rolling outbooster shots to increase protection.
What'southward a booster shot and when tin I get i?
A "booster" refers to an extra dose for those whose immune systems responded well to the initial vaccines simply might face up waning efficacy as time goes on.
Pharmacies began offer tertiary doses to fully vaccinatedimmunocompromised patients in August 2021. Over the following weeks, the FDA and CDC cleared the way for a much broader swath of Americans to receive boosters.
The latest CDC guidance recommends boosters for people ages 12 and up. People who got the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines are eligible for a booster five months later on getting their 2d dose.
Boosters are likewise recommended for all recipients of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine who were vaccinated two or more months earlier. The FDA is also allowing adults to mix-and-lucifer their booster shots, which ways those eighteen and older can cull to receive an boosted dose from any of the three brands that are available.
People who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, such equally those with an organ transplant or cancer patients, can get a fourth dose six months after their third.
Inquiry from the CDC indicatesside effects from booster shots are more often than not "mild to moderate" and similar to the commencement two doses.
Tin can you nevertheless spread COVID subsequently getting the vaccine?
People who receive a vaccine dramatically lower their chance of getting sick from the virus, though in a relatively modest number of cases, people may catch what's known as a breakthrough infection despite being vaccinated. Vaccinated people who contract the virus may have a high viral load for a menses of time, fifty-fifty if they don't develop symptoms. But most inquiry indicates the vaccines aid reduce its spread.
What are my risks of a breakthrough infection?
With the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants, instances of quantum infections — communicable COVID even after being vaccinated — became more common. However, vaccination, specially with a booster shot, remains extremely constructive at protecting people from severe illness, hospitalization or death.
Practise I still need to wearable a mask after receiving a COVID vaccine?
In one case y'all've gotten vaccinated it takes about two weeks for the body to develop amnesty, so you'll demand to keep taking precautions like social distancing and wearing masks to reduce your adventure of infection during that time.
After that, the CDC says information technology is safe for fully vaccinated people shed their masks in some situations, although it urged the continued use of masks indoors in areas of higher transmission every bit the more contagious Delta variant spread. Masks are still required for everyone in sure venues similar airlines, public transit and wellness intendance facilities.
Many states have since dropped their mask mandates, although masks are still recommended for people who are non vaccinated.
What can I safely do after I am fully vaccinated?
In one case people are fully vaccinated — meaning two weeks have passed after their final dose — the CDC is assuring Americans that they can can resume most activities and gather with other vaccinated people, indoors or outdoors.
Vaccinated people no longer need to self-quarantine later travel. The CDC has a more detailed list of do's and don'ts here.
Can employers forcefulness you to get vaccinated?
Many large companies already do, and President Biden is following adapt.
On September 9, 2021, Mr. Biden announced new COVID-19 vaccine requirements, which volition affect roughly 100 million Americans. The new measures include a vaccine mandate for all federal workers and contractors, and a requirement that companies with over 100 employees mandate vaccines or regular testing.
The Department of Labor's Occupational Safe and Health Administration (OSHA) is developing a rule requiring those employers to make sure their workforce is fully vaccinated or crave unvaccinated workers to become a negative test at least once a calendar week.
"Generally speaking, employers are free to require rubber measures similar vaccination with exceptions for certain employees," said Aaron Goldstein, a labor and employment partner at the international police force firm Dorsey & Whitney. "So the answer is likely to exist aye, with an asterisk." Many hospitals, for example, have long required staff to go vaccines, with exemptions allowed for medical or religious reasons.
American workers largely dorsum employers making that call. More than than one-half of those in one recent poll say they favor requiring vaccination for their workplaces.
Do I need to get vaccinated if I've already had COVID?
Even after you've gotten sick from COVID-19 and recovered, y'all could nevertheless get it again. And so-called natural immunity varies from person to person. The vaccines, on the other hand, provide a reliably high level of protection.
That said: If you were treated with monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma during your affliction, you should wait ninety days before getting a COVID-19 vaccine. The CDC also recommends you lot should talk to your medico before proceeding.
What are the ingredients in COVID vaccines?
The FDA has posted detailed information on its website, including a full list of ingredients for the Moderna, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.
Why are the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines ii doses?
For these vaccines to attain maximum effectiveness, ii doses are needed. The showtime injection starts edifice protection in the allowed organization. A second shot increases the amount of that protection to more than than 90% against the virus.
In reporting on this issue, CBS MoneyWatch senior reporter Stephen Gandel uncovered concerns that getting only one of the two shots might really make the pandemic worse over fourth dimension.
"The concern is that if people get one shot, and non ii shots, and those people go exposed to the coronavirus, the virus won't get killed off [from] them… and the virus will figure out a way to conform itself, and and then it could spread once again. So we could have a vaccine-resistant strain of the coronavirus out there," he explained.
Why was there a temporary "interruption" on the Johnson & Johnson vaccine?
On Apr 13, U.Southward. wellness officials recommended atemporary "break" in apply of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine after several instances of rare claret clots were reported. Health officials identified 16 cases, mostly among women nether the historic period of l, 3 of whom died, out of more 6.eight million people who had received doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.
Theinterruption was lifted ten days later after a CDC console of medical experts determined that the benefits of the vaccine outweigh the risks. A alert was added about an increased take chances of rare but serious blood clots for women under l.
The CDC and FDA said the blood clots, called cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, were seen alongside depression levels of blood platelets — an unusual combination that requires specialized treatment. The agencies said the "adverse events" seem to be extremely rare, but that the break was important so that health intendance providers could exist made aware of how to recognize and manage such cases.
"One of the things yous tin can take away from all of this is that when the surveillance system, the CDC and the FDA, say that something is rubber, yous can exist sure that information technology's safe," Dr. Anthony Fauci, the nation's top infectious diseases good,said.
As additional data emerged about the take chances, the CDC began recommending a preference for people to receive the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine instead of Johnson & Johnson's, though all iii options remain bachelor.
How many people need to be vaccinated before we reach herd amnesty?
Experts haven't reached a consensus on exactly what it will take for the globe to achieve herd immunity — a level of widespread protection that leaves the virus few remaining targets, and then outbreaks can no longer flourish.
A large majority of the population will need to be vaccinated before it can happen.
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Source: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-questions-answers-2021-09-15/
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